What does the pH scale measure?

The pH scale is a measurement system that quantifies the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It operates on a logarithmic scale typically ranging from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is considered neutral, values below 7 indicate acidity, and values above 7 indicate basicity. The scale is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution; a higher concentration of hydrogen ions corresponds to a lower pH, meaning a more acidic solution. Conversely, a lower concentration of hydrogen ions leads to a higher pH and a more basic solution.

This concept is crucial in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science, as pH can significantly affect chemical reactions, biological processes, and the behavior of pollutants in ecosystems. Understanding the pH of a solution is essential for tasks ranging from adjusting soil conditions for agriculture to ensuring safe drinking water.