What is the process called when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material?

The process where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is known as crossing over. This occurs during meiosis, specifically in prophase I, when homologous chromosomes align closely together and form structures called chiasmata. At these points, segments of DNA are swapped between the paired chromosomes. This process is crucial for genetic diversity as it allows for new combinations of alleles to be created, contributing to variation in the offspring.

Crossing over enhances evolution and adaptation in populations by increasing genetic variability. It allows traits to be mixed and matched, which can be advantageous in changing environments. This process is fundamental in sexual reproduction and genetic inheritance.

The other options refer to different genetic processes. Mutation involves a change in the DNA sequence itself, which is not specifically about exchanging material between homologous chromosomes. Translocation usually refers to a chromosomal abnormality where a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, which is distinct from the process of crossing over. Duplication is when a segment of the chromosome is copied, leading to two copies of that segment, which also does not involve the exchange of material like crossing over does.