What process involves the breakdown of dead remains and waste by microorganisms?

The process that involves the breakdown of dead remains and waste by microorganisms is decomposition. During decomposition, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi break down complex organic matter into simpler substances. This process is essential in ecosystems as it recycles nutrients back into the soil, making them available for plants and other organisms.

Decomposition is a natural and vital part of the nutrient cycle, allowing for the recycling of materials, while also contributing to soil health and fertility. It helps to clear the environment of dead organisms and organic waste, thereby playing a critical role in maintaining ecological balance.